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Poor circulation

Growth factors are delivered to the skin through the circulation. Growth factors such as VEGFA are fundamental to sustaining a young skin phenotype. PMID: 35749494.

Sun exposure

UV rays create inflammation on the skin surface which causes downstream damage to dermal adipocytes (PMID: 27665714).

Procedures

Procedures that seek to de-nature the dermis (e.g., ultrasound, radiofrequency), preferentially heat up the dermal adipocytes causing rupture and loss, which results in hypertrophy of remaining adipocytes PMID: 19322624

Products

Oils in cosmetic products can be delivered to mature fat cells via the hair follicle, where they are taken up by mature fat cells. PMIDs. 33803716, 18492146.

Age

The increase in adipocyte size seen with age is a function of both higher BMI and lower regeneration rate. PMIDs. 30283987, 33878347.

Poor lymphatics

Lymph fluid is largely comprised of lipid which is taken up by adipocytes, increasing their size. PMID. 34339353

High BMI

High BMI reflects increased nutrient storage and leads directly to enlarged fat cell size. PMID: 27895989.

Volume Loss

A reduction in the number of fat cells causes the size of the remaining fat cells to increases. PMID. 9333196.

Hormones

Hormones play important roles in regulating fat cell health. Estrogen, for example, is important in maintaining adipogenesis. PMID: 35856485.

Procedures

Injecting the body with foreign substances like engineered botulinum toxin, cross-linked hyaluronic acid and poly-L lactic acid filler may trigger inflammatory responses that can suppress adipogenesis. In terms of frequency, poly-L lactic acid, then hyaluronic acid then botulinum toxin. PMIDs: 33797747, 20564542, and 21903293.

Products

The most common skincare ingredients – retin-A, resveratrol, and hyaluronic acid – are all anti-adipogenic. PMIDs 35171653, 17851734 and 31151314.

Excessive exercise

All exercise suppresses new fat cell formation through acute inflammation and also through dynamic force and prolonged exercise has a greater effect than moderate exercise PMID: 32230849.

Age

With age, pre-adipocytes are still converting to mature adipocytes but this process requires a stronger signal PMID: 17507194.

Diet

Protein drives regeneration of dermal adipocytes. Insufficient protein consumption is a leading cause of insufficient cell numbers. PMID: 27832138.

Dynamic facial movement

UV rays create inflammation on the skin surface which causes downstream damage to dermal adipocytes (PMID: 27665714).