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Evidence Summary

All citations used on this page, organised by evidence tier. Each entry includes the study design, journal, and the specific finding that supports the claim cited in the text above. For the full audit notes, see the internal Study Index.

Dermal White Adipose Tissue as a Skin-Integrated Biological Target

14 citations

#	Reference	Study Design	Journal
1	Driskell et al., 2014 Defining dermal adipose tissue PMID 24841073 DOI 10.1111/exd.12450	Review / narrative review	Experimental Dermatology
2	Plikus et al., 2017 Regeneration of fat cells from myofibroblasts during wound healing PMID 28059714 DOI 10.1126/science.aai8792	In vitro + animal model	Science
3	Welle, 2023 Basic principles of hair follicle structure, morphogenesis and cycling PMID 37272599 DOI 10.1177/03009858231176561	Review / narrative review	Veterinary Pathology
4	Ezure & Amano, 2007 Adiponectin and leptin up-regulate extracellular matrix production by dermal fibroblasts PMID 18997286 DOI 10.1002/biof.5520310310	In vitro	Biofactors
5	Yamane et al., 2011 Adiponectin promotes hyaluronan synthesis along AMPK/PPARα pathway in human dermal fibroblasts PMID 22024046 DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.151	In vitro	Biochem Biophys Res Commun
6	Weisberg et al., 2003 Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue PMID 14679176 DOI 10.1172/JCI19246	Human tissue + animal model	J Clin Invest
7	Skurk et al., 2007 Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion PMID 17164304 DOI 10.1210/jc.2006-1055	Human study (non-RCT)	J Clin Endocrinol Metab
8	Quan et al., 2009 Matrix-degrading metalloproteinases in photoaging PMID 19675548 DOI 10.1038/jidsymp.2009.8	Review	J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc
9	Solis-Herruzo et al., 1988 Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits collagen gene transcription and collagen synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts PMID 3258601 DOI 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60642-8	In vitro	J Biol Chem
10	Ezure & Amano, 2010 Influence of subcutaneous adipose tissue mass on dermal elasticity and sagging severity in lower cheek PMID 20637003 DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00438.x	Human study (non-RCT)	Skin Res Technol
11	Ezure & Amano, 2007 Adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis characterize subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy, non-obese subjects predisposed to type 2 diabetes PMID 25148116 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0105262	Human study	PLoS One
12	Henninger et al., 2014 Inflammation and impaired adipogenesis in hypertrophic obesity PMID 19622783 DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00377.2009	In vitro (human preadipocytes)	Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
13	Gustafson et al., 2009 The influence of body weight on the prevalence and severity of hidradenitis suppurativa PMID 24577555 DOI 10.2340/00015555-1800	Observational	Acta Derm Venereol
14	Kromann et al., 2014 Risk of psoriasis according to body mass index: A retrospective cohort analysis PMID 34118300 DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.012	Observational	J Am Acad Dermatol

Adipogenesis Persists, Varies by Depot, and Remains Biologically Modifiable in Adulthood

10 citations

#	Reference	Study Design	Journal
15	Spalding et al., 2008 Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans PMID 18454136 DOI 10.1038/nature06902	Human radiocarbon dating study	Nature
16	Strawford et al., 2004 Adipose tissue triglyceride turnover, de novo lipogenesis, and cell proliferation in humans measured with ²H₂O PMID 14600072 DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2003	Human metabolic tracer study	Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
17	White et al., 2021 Adipose depot-specific effects of 16 weeks of pioglitazone on in vivo adipogenesis in women with obesity: a randomised controlled trial PMID 33001232 DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05281-7	Randomized controlled trial	Diabetologia
18	Stafeev et al., 2024 Semaglutide 6-month therapy restores adipose progenitor potential to develop metabolically active adipocytes PMID 38493915 DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176476	Clinical study	Eur J Pharmacol
19	Almuraikhy et al., 2016 Interleukin-6 induces impairment in human subcutaneous adipogenesis PMID 27342408 DOI 10.1007/s00125-016-4031-3	In vitro (human preadipocytes)	Diabetologia
20	Fischer-Posovszky et al., 2010 Resveratrol regulates human adipocyte number and function in a Sirt1-dependent manner PMID 20463039 DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28435	In vitro	Am J Clin Nutr
21	Chon & Pappas, 2015 Differentiation and characterization of human facial subcutaneous adipocytes PMID 26167398 DOI 10.4161/21623945.2014.955402	In vitro	Adipocyte
22	García-Vega et al., 2024 Semaglutide modulates prothrombotic and atherosclerotic mechanisms associated with epicardial fat PMID 38172989 DOI 10.1186/s12933-023-02096-9	Human clinical study	Cardiovasc Diabetol
23	Matsushita et al., 2015 Kaempferia parviflora extract increases whole-body energy expenditure in humans PMID 25994142 DOI 10.3177/jnsv.61.79	Human study	J Nat Med
24	Otberg et al., 2007 Follicular penetration of topically applied caffeine via a shampoo formulation PMID 17396054 DOI 10.1159/000101389	In vivo human skin study	Skin Pharmacol Physiol

Botanical Compounds and Adipocyte Biology

12 citations

#	Reference	Study Design	Journal
25	Tuntiyasawasdikul et al., 2014 Transdermal permeation of Kaempferia parviflora methoxyflavones PMID 24789664 DOI 10.1208/s12249-014-0122-y	Ex vivo human skin	AAPS PharmSciTech
26	Raufast & Mavon, 2006 Transfollicular delivery of linoleic acid in human scalp skin PMID 18492146 DOI 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00303.x	Ex vivo human scalp skin	Int J Cosmet Sci
27	Hidaka et al., 2017 Efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora in a mouse model of obesity-induced dermatopathy PMID 27592007 DOI 10.1007/s11418-016-1027-8	Animal model	J Nat Med
28	Horikawa et al., 2012 Polymethoxyflavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes PMID 22687402 DOI 10.1248/bpb.35.686	In vitro (mouse preadipocytes)	Biol Pharm Bull
29	Kim et al., 2016 Caffeine inhibits adipogenesis via AKT/GSK3 pathway modulation PMID 26350746 DOI 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.2.128	In vitro (mouse preadipocytes)	BMB Reports
30	Kliewer et al., 1997 Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with PPARs PMID 9113987 DOI 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4318	Cell-based assay	PNAS
31	Festa et al., 2001 Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome PMID 11158016 DOI 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7178	Review	Circulation
32	Schmidt & Horsley, 2013 Intradermal adipocytes mediate fibroblast recruitment during skin wound healing PMID 23798389 DOI 10.1073/pnas.1301672110	Animal model	Cell Reports
33	Sun et al., 2011 Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity PMID 21665115 DOI 10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.05.002	Review	J Clin Invest
34	Rosen & Spiegelman, 2014 What we talk about when we talk about fat PMID 24439368 DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.012	Review	Cell
35	Tontonoz & Spiegelman, 2008 Fat and beyond: the diverse biology of PPARγ PMID 18518822 DOI 10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061307.091829	Review	Annu Rev Biochem
36	Rivera-Gonzalez et al., 2025 Comparative single-cell lineage tracing identifies distinct adipocyte precursor dynamics in skin and inguinal fat PMID 40744015 DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2025.07.004	Animal model (single-cell lineage tracing)	Cell Stem Cell